article · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
This study investigates the removal of toxic lead ions from water using solid nanomaterials derived from natural materials. Three adsorbents were prepared and compared: cellulose nanoparticles extracted from plant loofah sponge via alkali treatment and acid hydrolysis, chitosan beads, and a composite combining the loofah-derived cellulose nanoparticles with chitosan beads. Detailed material characterisation demonstrated that the composite possessed a large specific surface area of 645.3 square metres per gram and a point of zero charge at pH 7.2. Batch adsorption tests showed that the composite achieved the highest lead adsorption capacity among the tested materials, reaching 221.104 milligrams per gram under specific conditions including a temperature of 47 degrees Celsius, a shaking time of two hours, and a pH of 6.5. Furthermore, regeneration tests revealed that nitric acid successfully desorbed 92 percent of the captured lead.
Lead contamination in water poses severe health and environmental hazards. Utilising agricultural by-products such as loofah sponges combined with biopolymers like chitosan offers an efficient, bio-based method to capture heavy metals. Because the composite material can be substantially regenerated using nitric acid, it presents a sustainable avenue for cleaning polluted water resources.
This research could enable sustainable water treatment systems targeting heavy metal removal for industrial wastewater or municipal treatment facilities. The work is at an early, laboratory-based stage, having demonstrated batch adsorption performance and acid-based regeneration on synthesised samples. Progression towards commercial use will require testing in continuous flow systems and real-world industrial effluents.
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Abstract The purpose of this work is to study the efficiency of lead ions removal via adsorption onto created solid nanomaterials. Three solid adsorbents were synthesized as cellulose nanoparticles (CN) extracted from plant loofah sponge using alkali treatment and acid hydrolysis techniques, chitosan beads (CZ), and cellulose nanoparticles/chitosan beads composite (CZC). The generated solid adsorbents were investigated using TGA, N 2 adsorption/desorption, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, and pH PZC . Based on our findings, CZC had a pH PZC of 7.2, a larger specific surface area (645.3 m 2 /g), and a total pore volume (0.372 cm 3 /g). The batch adsorption of lead ions was well-fitted by pseudo-second order, Elovich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich on all the samples. Cellulose nanoparticles/chitosan composite had the highest Langmuir adsorption capacity (221.104 mg/g) at 47°C, 120 min as shaking time, 2 g/L as adsorbent dose, and pH 6.5. Nitric acid had the highest desorption percentage (92%). The thermodynamic investigation revealed that lead ion adsorption is endothermic, favorable, spontaneous, and physisorption. Our findings showed that CZC has a high adsorption capacity and rapid kinetics, indicating its potential for employment in water treatment.
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DOI: 10.1007/s13399-024-05800-1
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