Energy and emissions: Comparing short and long fruit cold chains

Abstract

This paper evaluates GHG emissions and energy usage in "short" and "long" cold chains for oranges, table grapes, and apples transported from South Africa to a retail store in Scotland. Novel formulae assess energy usage and emissions based on cold chain duration. "Short" chains show carbon footprints between 0.87 and 1.28 kg CO₂e/kg of saleable fruit, contrasting starkly with extended cold chains. Extending storage durations increases emissions; a one-month extension results in 24-27 % emissions for oranges and grapes and 16 % for apples. Six months of CA storage of apples increases emissions by 96 % compared to "short" cold chains. Energy consumption follows a similar trend as emissions. This research informs policymakers and consumers, emphasising the need for sustainable and "short" cold chains. This is also the first paper that comprehensively assesses both the energy requirements and emissions outputs in a fruit supply chain based on the combined transport and storage duration of the cold chain from tree to retail markets.