article · ChemElectroChem
Supercapacitors provide long cycle life and high power density, but their widespread practical adoption is constrained by low energy density. To overcome this limitation, pseudocapacitive materials use reversible Faradaic reactions near the surface, bridging the gap between conventional electrical double-layer capacitors and battery-like charge transfer. While strategies such as asymmetric configurations and high mass loadings increase energy capacity, maintaining power delivery under high mass loadings remains challenging. Layered two-dimensional materials, including graphene, transition metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, and metal-organic frameworks, offer significant benefits through ion intercalation during charge and discharge cycles. The insertion of ions induces structural alterations that directly influence the physical and chemical behaviour of the electrodes. Understanding these intercalation processes in two-dimensional materials establishes crucial foundations for enhancing electrochemical properties and designing higher-performing energy storage devices.
Modern electronics and power systems require devices that can charge quickly and hold substantial amounts of energy. Supercapacitors offer rapid delivery and durability, but store limited energy compared to batteries. Exploring how layered two-dimensional materials store ions through intercalation helps guide the creation of next-generation electrodes. These materials may eventually allow energy storage devices to combine the high capacity of batteries with the rapid charging speeds of supercapacitors.
This work represents early-stage materials research focused on foundational charge storage mechanisms. The insights could eventually assist energy storage manufacturers and device developers in formulating advanced electrodes for hybrid or high-energy supercapacitors. However, moving these two-dimensional materials into viable commercial products will require overcoming manufacturing challenges, particularly maintaining power performance under commercially relevant high mass loadings, meaning practical deployment remains at a laboratory stage.
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Abstract The growing need for efficient energy storage has spurred advancements in supercapacitors (SCs), aiming to offer high power and energy density simultaneously. While SCs offer longer cycles and higher power density values, their low energy densities limit practical applications. In response, pseudocapacitive materials have emerged, leveraging reversible Faradaic reactions at or near the surface for enhanced energy storage. This approach surpasses the constraints of the electrical double layer in SCs and the mass transfer constraints of batteries. Progress in asymmetric supercapacitors and high mass loading has improved energy density values, yet maintaining high mass loading without compromising power density remains a hurdle. Advancements in pseudocapacitance through intercalation during charging/discharging processes, especially in layered structures like graphite, graphene, transition metal oxides (TMOs) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MXenes, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have proven significant. The intercalated species induce reversible or irreversible structural changes, contributing to the physicochemical characteristics of the electrode materials. Exploring the intercalation mechanism in bulk two‐dimensional (2D) materials reveals distinct differences that enhance our understanding and improve electrochemical properties for superior energy storage. Finally, an in‐depth exploration of the intercalation pseudocapacitance in 2D materials such as TMDCs and MXenes underscores their significance, setting a benchmark for future electrochemical studies in the subsequent advancement of SCs research.
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DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300810
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