Emerging Technologies in Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Systems: A Review of Cooling Strategies, Material Advances, and Configurations

Abstract

The dual challenges of rising global energy demand and environmental degradation necessitate innovative approaches to harness renewable energy efficiently. This review investigates recent advancements in PVT systems, emphasizing thermal management, materials, and configurations. Results compiled from literature reveal that nanofluid-based systems enhance thermal conductivity and cooling performance compared to conventional fluids, while phase-change materials and dual-fluid configurations support temperature regulation and energy storage. Selective absorber coatings and bifacial PV modules contribute to improved optical-thermal efficiency and broader energy capture. Additionally, innovations like CPVT and BIPVT systems have enabled integration into industrial, residential, and off-grid contexts, with compact and scalable designs supporting modular deployment. Structured tables summarize performance trends across configurations, highlighting the effectiveness of radiative cooling, hybrid PCM integration, and advanced glazing in varying climates. Despite these advances, recurring challenges include material cost, performance degradation under harsh conditions, and integration into existing infrastructure. This review synthesizes current progress and highlights future research opportunities, providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential and limitations of PVT systems in addressing global energy sustainability goals.