Emerging Infectious Diseases and Global Response Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a significant threat to global health, security, and economies. The increasing frequency of EID outbreaks is driven by factors such as climate change, urbanization, global travel, and antimicrobial resistance. A coordinated and effective global response is essential to mitigate their impact. Objectives: This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of global response strategies to EIDs, identifying key trends, challenges, and best practices. The research evaluates the effectiveness of current policies, surveillance systems, and intervention measures in managing outbreaks. Methods: This study followed PRISMA guidelines, conducting a systematic literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024. A meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 assessed the effectiveness of global response strategies in reducing outbreak severity, with heterogeneity measured via the I² statistic and a random-effects model applied to account for variability. After MeSH term filtering and full-text screening, 21 studies were included from an initial 13,415 records, strengthening the reliability of findings. Results: Findings indicate that while global response strategies have improved over time, significant gaps remain in early detection, data sharing, and coordinated action. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of various intervention models, the role of technological advancements in surveillance, and disparities in resource allocation across regions. Conclusion: A more integrated, multi-sectoral approach is necessary to enhance global preparedness and response to EIDs. Strengthening international collaborations, improving surveillance infrastructure, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare resources are crucial steps toward mitigating future outbreaks. Future research should focus on refining response strategies and addressing policy gaps to enhance global resilience against EIDs.