Elimination of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption of the Bone of Beef of the Species Gudali (Bos indicus) Adamawa

Abstract

Activated Carbon derived from the bones of Bos Indicus Gudali (ACB) is introduced in this study as a novel and environmentally friendly option for the adsorption of Crystal Violet dye (CV) from water. Various characterization techniques, including semiquantitative X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), and Point of Zero Charge (pHPZC), were employed to analyze the bone pyrolysis process. The study investigated how various factors such as the mass of the adsorbent, the initial pH of the solution, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature influence the batch adsorption process. Kinetic data were examined using several models including Intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Pseudo-first-order, and Pseudo-second-order. The findings indicated that the Pseudo-second-order model accurately captured the kinetics of CV adsorption onto ACB. For the isothermal data analysis, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were employed. The equilibrium data for CV adsorption onto ACB fit the Langmuir isotherm model most effectively, revealing a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.331 mg g−1 at 303 K. Moreover, the Dubinin-Radushkevich model suggested that the nature of the adsorption was physical. The thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process was physical, spontaneous, and exothermic.