Eighty years of <i>Giraffa</i> research reveals patterns and imbalances across species

Abstract

Abstract Giraffe ( Giraffa ) species are ecologically and culturally significant large mammals distributed across Africa. Yet, their conservation has historically been hindered by limited species-specific research and under-recognition of population declines. The recent taxonomic revision of the genus into four distinct species ( Giraffa camelopardalis , G. giraffa , G. reticulata , and G. tippelskirchi ) has amplified the need for disaggregated ecological knowledge to guide effective conservation. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published 1947–2024 to assess taxonomic, geographic, and thematic trends in Giraffa spp. research. From 817 publications, we found strong geographical and taxonomic bias. In situ studies disproportionately focused on G. giraffa and G. tippelskirchi , while G. camelopardalis and G. reticulata were under-represented. Research was geographically concentrated in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania, likely reflecting accessibility and research infrastructure. Thematically, behavioural, population, and foraging studies dominated, while physiology, genetics, and demography were under-represented, despite their importance for understanding adaptation and resilience. We identify critical knowledge gaps and provide strategic recommendations to rebalance research, including increased focus on under-represented species, expanded geographic coverage, and improved integration of in situ and ex situ data. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing evidence-based Giraffa spp. conservation in the face of accelerating environmental change.