article · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
Soil-borne Pythium irregulare damages numerous crops annually by causing damping off disease. In this study, the bacterium Streptomyces gancidicus was used to biosynthesise bimetallic zinc oxide-boron oxide nanoparticles. Laboratory tests confirmed that these nanoparticles exerted antifungal activity against Pythium irregulare, showing an inhibition zone of 33 millimetres at 1000 micrograms per millilitre and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.01 micrograms per millilitre. In living pea plants, applying 0.01 parts per million of the bimetallic nanoparticles reduced post-emergence damping off severity by 10 percent and provided 88 percent disease protection. The treatment outperformed a standard chemical fungicide, difenoconazole, by increasing defensive enzyme activities, specifically peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, while reducing stress indicators including malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels in infected tissues.
Damping off caused by soil-borne fungal pathogens presents a recurring challenge to crop yields, typically managed through chemical fungicides. Biologically synthesised bimetallic nanoparticles offer an alternative approach that not only limits pathogen growth but also activates the natural defence mechanisms and reduces oxidative stress in vulnerable crop seedlings.
This research is early-stage to applied, having been tested in vitro and in vivo on pea plants. It points towards the potential development of biologically derived nano-fungicides or therapeutic plant nutrients to control soil-borne infections. Potential future users include agrochemical manufacturers and crop protection specialists, though further field testing and formulation work would be required before commercial adoption.
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Abstract Pythium irregulare ( P. irregulare ) is one of the soil-borne pathogens that is the primary cause of damage to several plants each year. The novelty and originality of this work were the ability of Streptomyces gancidicus ( S. gancidicus OR229936) to synthesize bimetallic zinc oxide-boron oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs) for reducing P. irregulare growth and safeguarding pea plant from damping off disease. The produced bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs’ XRD results highlighted the ZnO diffraction peaks at 2Ɵ = 27.50°, 31.15°, 45.15°, 56.89°, 67.98°, and 75.25°, which are complemented by the standard card JCPDS number 361451 and correspond to (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (201) Bragg’s reflections. Along with the standard card JCPDS number 300019, they additionally include the B 2 O 3 NP diffraction peaks at 2Ɵ = 15.25°, 28.69°, 31.99°, and 41.28°. Bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs were tested against P. irregular for their antifungal activities. The findings indicated that ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs exhibited potential anti P. irregulare activity, with an inhibition zone of 33 mm at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL and a promising MIC of 0.01 µg/mL. Bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs (0.01 ppm) application appeared to significantly lessen the severity of the pea post-emergence damaging off disease by 10% and to provide significant protection by 88%. In comparison to fungicide (difenoconazole 25%) treatments, all metabolic resistance indicators significantly enhanced after the usage of bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs, ZnO NPs, and B 2 O 3 NPs with ethyl acetate extract of S. gancidicus . The beneficial impacts of the bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs, ZnO NPs, and B 2 O 3 NPs have been broadened to increase the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in both healthy and infected pea plant in comparison to control. Reduction of Malondialdehyde content (MDA) in response to S. gancidius filtrate, bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs, ZnO NPs, B 2 O 3 NPs, and difenoconazole by 41.68%, 36.51%, 26.15, 26.15, and 15.25%, respectively. Also, contents of H 2 O 2 in infected pea plant were diminished by 50%, 45%, 40%, 37.5%, and 22.5% at bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs, S. gancidicus filtrate, ZnO NPs, difenoconazole, and B 2 O 3 NPs comparing to P. irregular -infected pea plant is strong evidence to induce disease recovery. The application of bimetallic ZnO-B 2 O 3 NPs seems to be a significant approach to relieve the toxic influences of P. irregulare on infected pea plant as green and alternative therapeutic nutrients of chemical fungicides.
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DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04913-3
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