Effect of <scp><i>Nigella sativa</i></scp> Consumption During Pregnancy on Fertility, Morphological and Behaviors of Mice Offspring

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The use of medicinal plants during pregnancy, including Nigella sativa (Ns), or black seed, has gained interest for its therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, its safety and effects on pregnancy and offspring development remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of maternal Ns consumption on fertility, morphological growth, and behavioral development of mouse offspring. METHODS: Pregnant Swiss mice were given 300 mg/kg of Ns methanolic extract daily by gavage throughout gestation. Reproductive outcomes (litter size, birth viability, gestation period), physical growth, and behavioral reflexes of offspring were evaluated. RESULTS: Ns consumption significantly reduced litter size while birth viability was not significantly affected, and extended the gestation period. Morphological assessments revealed increased body weight and length of Ns-exposed offspring but delayed hair growth. Behavioral tests, including surface righting, negative geotaxis, and swimming development, showed delayed neuromotor reflexes in Ns-treated pups. CONCLUSION: Ns has both growth-promoting and neurodevelopmentally disruptive effects when consumed during pregnancy. While it enhances certain physical growth parameters, it negatively affects reproductive outcomes and delays neuromotor reflex development. These findings highlight the need for caution to ensure its safe and beneficial use during gestation.