Effect of Marine Shell-Derived Nano-Hydroxyapatite Incorporated into Fluoride-Containing Arabic Gum on Enamel Remineralization: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Introduction: Dental caries is a dynamic process involving recurrent demineralization and remineralization at the tooth– biofilm interface. Arabic gum promotes remineralization through its high calcium ion content, facilitating the replacement of calcium ions in demineralized enamel. Similarly, nano-hydroxyapatite, due to its biomimetic similarity to enamel apatite, enhances remineralization by integrating into the enamel structure and promoting crystal growth. Aim: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the remineralization of demineralized enamel using Arabic Gum and fluoride ions added to Nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized from biogenic marine shells, compared with MI Paste Plus. Materials and Methods: Sixteen human premolar teeth were coated with nail varnish except for the buccal surface. Artificial carious lesions were induced using a demineralizing solution. Then, the samples were randomly divided into two groups (n=8) based on the material used: Group A, Arabic Gum + F- + Nano-HAp; and Group B, MI Paste Plus. Each group underwent pH cycling for 14 days. Surface topography (SEM) and mineral content (EDX) were analyzed at baseline, after demineralization, and after pH cycling. Results: The remineralizing Ca/P values were significantly higher than the demineralizing values in both groups. Regarding the Ca/P ratio during the remineralizing phase, there was no significant difference between group A (1.82±0.03) and group B (1.76±0.03). Conclusion: Nano-HAp derived from marine waste demonstrated a remineralizing ability when combined with Arabic Gum and fluoride ions