Educational intervention model for individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ekiti and Kwara State, Nigeria: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type-2 diabetes mellitus poses a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, where limited awareness, poor self-management, and inadequate healthcare resources contribute to disease complications, including the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. This paper evaluates educational intervention models designed and implemented to promote and prevent memory impairment among individuals living with T2DM at various levels. The review was conducted using the Centre for Review Dissemination. Online journal databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Web of Science, were searched extensively for relevant studies published between 2019 and 2023. The selection criteria encompassed qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies that met the inclusion and exclusion guidelines based on the SPIDER framework and provisionally selected 30 studies for the review with detailed of various educational intervention models aimed at improving knowledge, adherence to treatment regimens, and prevention strategies for reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease among T2DM patients. The review indicated that the majority of T2DM patients lacked awareness of essential educational components, such as disease promotion, prevention, and adherence strategies. Additionally, some healthcare providers were unaware of the significance of educational intervention models in enhancing service utilisation among adults and elderly patients with T2DM. Following further screening, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed for information on educational intervention models and the success levels of pre- and post-intervention strategies. The remaining 10 articles explored intervention models focusing on long-term prognostic approaches to T2DM and its progression to Alzheimer’s disease. These studies stressed the importance of structured educational programs in mitigating memory impairment risks among T2DM patients. The review highlights the critical need for improved health education strategies to prevent cognitive decline among T2DM patients, such as patient-centered programs that teach individuals how to manage their diabetes through knowledge, skills, and confidence-building. Healthcare providers must enhance their skills and attitudes toward the promotion, prevention, and maintenance of health education initiatives. Addressing the existing gaps through targeted intervention programs that can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease among adults and elderly patients in healthcare facilities. Researchers should focus on developing and implementing sustainable educational intervention models tailored to the specific needs of T2DM patients in Nigeria and other similar settings.