Economic and Environmental Impact of Water and Biomass Resources for Hydrogen Production in South Africa

Abstract

This study compares hydrogen production pathways from water—using renewable-powered electrolysis (alkaline, water-based)—and biomass (gasification), under harmonized system boundaries and a common functional unit of 1 kg H2 at 99.97% purity. It examines technological efficiency and environmental impacts, including cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of each pathway, focusing on global warming potential (GWP100), water consumption, land use, acidification, cumulative energy demand, and the critical minerals footprint. The analysis highlights the roles of water electrolysis and biomass gasification within South Africa’s energy landscape, considering the integration of renewable electricity, energy quality, and co-product allocation. Economic factors, such as the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), are evaluated alongside environmental indicators. The study emphasises the environmental challenges of biomass gasification, notably water use and emissions, and contrasts these with the climate benefits of renewable-powered electrolysis. It also reviews policy initiatives and government programs that support hydrogen and sustainable energy in South Africa, aligning with the SDGs. Overall, the findings underscore the trade-offs in hydrogen development, emphasising opportunities for resource utilisation while addressing deployment challenges.