Ecological and Health Risks from Trace Elements Contamination in Soils at the Rutile Bearing Area of Akonolinga, Cameroon

Abstract

This study evaluates the concentrations of trace elements (TEs) in soils from the rutile deposit area of Akonolinga, Cameroon, and analyzes the associated health risks. A total of 25 samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results show that TE concentrations follow the decreasing order Fe, Ti, Zr, Mn, Cr, V, Ba, Zn, Nb, Ni, Pb, Ga, Cu, Co, Y, Br, and Sn. Pollution indices and the Pearson correlation matrix reveal moderate correlations between Fe and several other TEs, indicating a common origin. Enrichment Factors show significant enrichment in Zr, Nb, and Ti, with notable enrichment in Cr and Co at certain sites. Although the Geo-Accumulation Index indicates no direct contamination and the overall ecological risk is low, the Contamination Factor reveals high levels for Cr, Nb, Ti, and Zr. The carcinogenic risk is moderate, while non-carcinogenic risks are high for children and considerable for adults. These research highlight the potential public health impacts in this mining region and provide essential baseline data for future environmental risk management.