Eco-friendly and cost-effective recycling of batteries for utilizing transition metals as catalytic materials for purifying tannery wastewater through Advanced Oxidation Techniques: A critical review

Abstract

Water pollution presents ongoing challenges, prompting an investigation into unconventional methods for the effective removal of persistent pollutants. Transition metal (TM) and their derivatives are commonly used as catalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment due to their adaptable structure, adjustable optoelectronic properties, and strong catalytic performance. This review provides a detailed inspection of the recent progress in utilizing various recyclable TM-based catalysts recycled from used batteries for water purification through AOPs. Firstly, by categorizing different types of water contaminants and then introducing the typical structures and compositions of TM and their composites, including nanoparticulate, encapsulated, nanotubular, and layered forms. The synthesis techniques for controlling the morphology, shape, and doping of these structures have also been thoroughly discussed. The latest developments in incorporating TM compounds into AOPs, such as photocatalysis, Fenton-like oxidation reactions, and Persulfate/Oxone activation, have been extensively reviewed. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations, and cost comparisons of various AOPs have been analyzed to support the efficient, environmentally sound, and sustainable removal of organic contaminants from wastewater.