Early vascular toxicity induced by Bothrops atrox venom in the chorioallantoic membrane assay: Kinetic profile and translational insights

Abstract

B. atrox venom rapidly compromises vascular integrity and triggers an inflammatory response in the CAM model, reflecting key pathophysiological features of envenomation. The severity of these effects was proportional to the duration of exposure and the venom dose used. These findings support the use of CAM assay as a translational tool for screening venom-induced vascular toxicity and underscore the imperative of early antivenom administration.