review · Current Pharmaceutical Design
Carbon dots represent an emerging class of photoluminescent nanomaterials defined by attractive optical, chemical, and electrical characteristics. Their appeal stems from straightforward, economical synthesis using low-cost starting materials, combined with practical advantages such as water solubility, strong chemical stability, high biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Incorporating heteroatoms through doping provides an adaptable and reliable method to further improve their photoluminescent, electrical, and structural features. Synthesised through various modern processing routes and doping strategies, these functionalised nanomaterials show strong potential across specialised biomedical and analytical domains. Key proposed uses include pharmaceutical sensing, biomarker identification, and cellular bioimaging. Ongoing developments focus on refining synthetic techniques, exploring diverse doping components, and expanding the functional properties of these nanomaterials for future analytical and diagnostic applications.
Fluorescent materials are vital for medical diagnostics and laboratory analysis, but many conventional options are costly or toxic. Doped carbon dots offer a safer, water-soluble, and cost-effective alternative made from inexpensive raw materials. Their adjustable optical and electrical qualities could advance diagnostic tools, making testing and biological imaging more accessible and chemically stable.
The abstract points to applications in biomarker detection, pharmaceutical sensing, and cellular bioimaging, which are relevant to diagnostic kit manufacturers and clinical researchers. Given the focus on synthetic routes, properties, and future perspectives in a review format, this work sits at an early stage of research and development, requiring further applied validation before transition into commercial diagnostic products.
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Carbon dots (CDs) have recently attracted attention as a new class of photoluminescent materials with promising optical, chemical, and electrical properties. They have been proposed for various applications, such as pharmaceutical sensing, biomarker detection, and cellular bioimaging, by virtue of their economical synthesis, cheap starting materials, water-solubility, excellent chemical stability, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Hetero-atom doping is a reliable and adaptable strategy for enhancing the photoluminescence, electrical, and structural characteristics of CDs. Herein, we present an update on heteroatom-doped CDs. Various modern synthetic routes are highlighted, ranging from synthetic processes to doping components. In addition, the optical and biological properties and the possible applications of heteroatom-doped CDs are discussed. This review will provide an overview of recent advances in doped CDs and their expected future perspectives.
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DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221103124856
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