Dietary Protective Influence of <i>Petroselinum crispum</i> Nanoparticles on Some Biochemical, Reproductive Hormones, and Physiological Biomarkers of Female <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (Burchell, 1822) Exposed to Bisphenol A Toxicity

Abstract

The current study is a pioneer trial to verify the effectiveness of Petroselinum crispum (parsley) nanoparticles (PNPs) for fortifying physiological and biochemical biomarkers in female African catfish postexposure to bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity. The aim of this experiment is to verify the influence of PNPs for mitigating serum hemato‐biochemical alterations as well as antioxidant enzyme, and hormonal changes induced by BPA toxicity in the hepatic and ovarian tissues. Fish were equally allocated into four groups: group I as a control without any treatments, group II received a commercial diet + PNPs (4 g/kg diet). In group III, fish were subjected to 1/10 LC50 (BPA) (1.43 µg/L), while in group IV, fish got 1/10 LC50 BPA (1.43 µg/L) + PNPs (4 g/kg diet) for 60 consecutive days. Exposure to BPA showed macrocytic hypochromic anemia and leukopenia, and a noticeable elevation in glucose, alanine amino‐transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALP, urea, creatinine, cortisol, cholesterol, and testosterone (T) hormone. Furthermore, serum AchE, estradiol (E2), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), globulin, albumin, and total proteins were significantly decreased in a BPA‐exposed group. Alternatively, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and catalase (CAT) were notably augmented in the hepatic tissue and ovaries of the BPA‐supplemented fish. While total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased in the equal tissues of exposed fish. PNPs‐supplemented diets in combination with BPA alleviated its destructive effects on the tested parameters. In conclusion, the results proved that BPA is an endocrine hormonal disruptor that induces imbalances in blood profile, hepato–renal indicators, and stress parameters, besides the occurrence of oxidative damage and reproductive dysfunction. Interestingly, PNPs have a protective role in attenuating BPA toxicity and modulating all the measured biomarkers, as well as improving the fertility of female Clarias gariepinus .