Dietary date palm seed nanoparticles modulate biochemical parameters, immune-antioxidant gene expression, and histomorphology in Nile tilapia

Abstract

Nanotechnology offers promising applications in aquaculture by enhancing drug delivery and improving the efficacy of medicinal plant compounds. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with date palm seed nanoparticles (DPS-NPs) at 0 (control), 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg diet on serum biochemical parameters, gene expression, and histomorphology in Nile tilapia over a 30-day period. The results revealed a clear positive response across biochemical, molecular, and histological markers. Serum analysis revealed significant increases in total protein and globulin at doses of 80 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 120 mg/kg (p < 0.0001), while albumin levels were elevated only at 120 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Marked reductions in the oxidative stress marker MDA were observed at both 80 and 120 mg/kg. In addition, hepatic enzymes (ALT and AST) and renal function markers (creatinine and uric acid) were significantly decreased at 120 mg/kg (p < 0.05 for ALT and AST; p < 0.0001 for creatinine; p < 0.05 for uric acid), indicating improved liver and kidney function. Gene expression analysis showed consistent upregulation of il1β, tnfα, and tgfβ in the intestine, liver, and spleen, with peak expression in the intestine at 120 mg/kg (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, innate immune genes (β-defensin 1, nkl) and antioxidant genes (sod2, cat) were significantly upregulated, reaching their highest expression levels at 120 mg/kg (p < 0.0001). Histological observations further confirmed enhanced intestinal villus architecture, increased goblet cell activity, proliferative melano-macrophage centers in the spleen, and restored hepatic structure with active Kupffer cells and telocytes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with DPS-NPs, particularly at 120 mg/kg, strengthens immunity, enhances antioxidant defenses, and improves tissue integrity in Nile tilapia, highlighting its potential as a sustainable functional feed additive in aquaculture.