article · Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research/Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by persistent high blood sugar, caused by deficiencies in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It presents a major public health challenge globally due to substantial rates of illness and death. The condition encompasses Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, and rarer variants, driven by factors such as genetics, obesity, age, and lifestyle choices. Failure to control the disease can lead to severe microvascular and macrovascular complications, alongside significant psychological burdens. Diagnostic approaches rely on tools such as the haemoglobin A1c test and oral glucose tolerance testing. Disease management combines lifestyle modifications with pharmaceutical therapies, including insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Prompt diagnosis and sustained blood glucose management remain vital to mitigating long-term complications and improving overall health outcomes for patients.
Diabetes mellitus affects millions of people across the globe, driving high rates of illness, mortality, and healthcare costs. Understanding the risk factors, diagnostic tests, and available therapies is essential for helping healthcare providers and the public identify the condition early, maintain long-term glucose control, and prevent severe, life-threatening cardiovascular and organ complications.
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, arising from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Affecting millions globally, DM is a significant public health challenge contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. This review article explores the classification of DM, highlighting the differences between Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes, alongside rarer forms. Key risk factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, age, and lifestyle choices are discussed, underlining their contribution to the rising global incidence. The article also delves into the complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, including microvascular and macrovascular issues, as well as the psychological burden. Modern diagnostic techniques, including the Hemoglobin A1c test and oral glucose tolerance test, are explained. Treatment strategies, from lifestyle interventions to pharmacological treatments like insulin therapy and GLP-1 receptor agonists, are presented to illustrate the comprehensive management of the disease. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and long-term glucose control to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
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DOI: 10.21608/jbaar.2024.382794
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