Deep vein thrombosis and coagulopathy following cyclone events: pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention

Abstract

Cyclone events, characterized by high winds, flooding, and mass displacement, pose significant challenges to public health infrastructure and individual well-being. While acute injuries and infectious diseases are the primary focus of disaster response, thromboembolic complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and coagulopathies remain underrecognized. The convergence of immobility, dehydration, trauma, and systemic inflammation during and after cyclones creates an ideal environment for thrombus formation, particularly among vulnerable populations. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms linking cyclone-related stressors to DVT and coagulation disorders, emphasizing the roles of Virchow's triad, immune activation, and disaster-induced comorbid conditions. Specific risk factors - including advanced age, pregnancy, chronic disease, and restricted mobility in shelters - are discussed in detail. We also highlight the potential for sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) following infectious outbreaks in cyclone-affected regions. Effective prevention and management strategies are urgently needed in disaster-prone settings. These include early mobilization, hydration, use of compression stockings, pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, and the integration of thrombotic risk screening into disaster response protocols. Improved awareness, targeted interventions, and further research can help reduce the burden of cyclone-associated thromboembolic events and improve outcomes in affected populations.