Dark Matter Signatures in Black Hole Thermodynamics and Information Recovery

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic properties and information recovery of Schwarzschild and Reissner--Nordstr"om black holes surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter. We show that, while the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy remains unchanged, dark matter significantly modifies the Hawking temperature by introducing a positive contribution that enhances thermal effects, particularly for small black holes. We find that the phase structure is preserved: Schwarzschild black holes remain unstable, whereas Reissner--Nordstr"om black holes exhibit the standard small/large black hole transition, in which small black holes are stable and large black holes are unstable. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dark matter accelerates Hawking evaporation, thereby reducing black hole lifetimes. We further investigate the black hole information loss paradox using the island formula. In the absence of islands, the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation grows linearly with time and diverges at late times, thereby violating unitarity. By including island contributions, the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation saturates at twice the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy, reproducing the Page curve and restoring information recovery for both Schwarzschild and Reissner--Nordstr"om black holes surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter. We derive analytical expressions for the Page time and demonstrate that it is directly determined by the thermodynamic parameters of the black hole. Furthermore, we establish a correspondence between thermodynamics and information recovery by showing that the Page time is governed by the Hawking temperature and the event horizon. Finally, we find that the presence of dark matter reduces the Page time, thereby accelerating information recovery.