Core-dominance and Emission Structures in Jetted Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the role of core-dominance in shaping the emission properties of jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs) by combining relativistic beaming theory with statistical and machine learning techniques. Using a sample of BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) and Fanaroff–Riley type I radio galaxies (FR Is), we decompose the observed radio and γ -ray emissions into beamed and unbeamed components within a two-component model and quantify orientation-dependent effects. Our analysis shows that BL Lacs are strongly Doppler-boosted whereas FR Is show weaker beaming consistent with AGN unification models. Across both samples, Spearman correlation coefficients between core-dominance parameters ( R r , R γ ) and both beamed and unbeamed luminosities span −0.35 ≲ ρ ≲ 0.69 with slopes −0.70 to 1.50 and p -values <10 −5 indicating statistically significant relationships driven by both orientation and intrinsic jet power. Gaussian Mixture Model clustering identifies two primary populations corresponding to strongly beamed BL Lacs and weakly beamed FR Is with a small fraction (∼15%–20%) occupying an intermediate regime. Principal Component Analysis further shows that orientation-related parameters dominate the primary variance. These results support a unified scheme in which Doppler boosting primarily governs observed emission with intrinsic jet power playing a secondary role.