article · Journal of Food Science
An examination of wild Yellow-cracking Bolete mushrooms and surrounding soil collected from Noteć Forest in western Poland measured the concentrations and bioconcentration factors of twenty mineral elements. Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were the most abundant elements detected in the mushroom caps, followed by sodium, rubidium, zinc, and calcium. Several elements showed bioconcentration factors greater than one, indicating active accumulation, including essential minerals alongside silver, cadmium, mercury, and nickel. Conversely, elements such as aluminium, barium, iron, manganese, strontium, cobalt, chromium, and lead were excluded. Toxic heavy metal concentrations for lead and cadmium remained below the maximum thresholds established by the European Union for cultivated mushrooms. Additionally, the mercury content from consuming a standard three hundred gram portion remained well below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake defined by the World Health Organisation.
Wild edible mushrooms are valued food sources, but they can accumulate harmful elements from their environment. This evaluation confirms that key toxic metals, including cadmium, lead, and mercury, stay within recognised international safety thresholds in the Yellow-cracking Bolete. Such data reassures foraging consumers and food safety authorities that eating these wild mushrooms does not pose a heavy metal health risk.
The tested analytical method enables the profiling of twenty mineral elements across mushroom caps, stipes, and surrounding soils. This approach can be used directly by food testing laboratories, quality assurance bodies, and wild-harvest food suppliers to verify the safety and nutritional composition of commercialised foraged mushrooms. Because the analytical protocol and safety baselines are already demonstrated on harvested samples, the methodology is applied and ready for routine deployment in food control settings.
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UNLABELLED: Yellow-cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil were collected from Noteć Forest--a large forested enclave in western part of Poland. Mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy and the other elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. K, P, and Mg were particularly abundant, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 mg/kg dry weight (dw) in caps followed by Na, Rb, Zn, and Ca with mean concentrations of 580, 350, 200, and 170 mg/kg dw, respectively. In descending order, the mean concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, and Mn were 52, 49, 46, and 14 mg/kg dw, while the mean for the remaining elements was around 1.0 mg/kg dw or less. The elements such as Ca, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Ni were accumulated (with bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1), while Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Sr, Co, Cr, and Pb were excluded (BCF < 1) in the fruiting bodies. The Pb and Cd content did not exceed the maximum levels set by the EU for cultivated mushrooms. Mercury in a conventional meal (300 g) portion of Yellow-cracking Bolete was far below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake of 0.004 mg/kg body weight (bw) as reevaluated recently by WHO. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The method presented in this study allows one to determine the content of 20 elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn) in caps and stipes of Yellow-cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil samples collected from Poland. This study has revealed that the total Cd, Hg, and Pb dose provided to human body due to consumption of Yellow-cracking Bolete does not pose threat to a consumer's health.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02876.x
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