Comprehensive Review of the Management and Shielding Solutions for Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS)

Abstract

DSRS presents a growing radiological and security challenge, particularly in low and middle-income countries. These sources, widely used in industry, medicine, and research, often retain their activity even after their intended use has ended. Without appropriate regulatory control and end-of-life management, DSRS can become orphan sources, posing environmental, health, and proliferation risks. This review consolidates international practices and IAEA guidance regarding DSRS classification, regulatory frameworks, dismantling protocols, and long-term disposal strategies. Special attention is given to the management of sealed radioactive sources across Categories 1 to 5. While Categories 1 and 2 pose the highest radiological risks due to their high activity levels and are subject to strict international repatriation and dismantling protocols, Categories 3 to 5, though individually less hazardous, are far more numerous and widely distributed, making them particularly vulnerable to loss, abandonment, or misuse. This paper reviews current practices and highlights innovative shielding container designs, particularly those utilizing layered materials such as concrete, lead, and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which have been optimized through Monte Carlo simulations to ensure safety during the transport and interim storage of DSRS. Real-world case studies further underscore the importance of coordinated regulatory, technical, and operational measures to mitigate radiological risks across the full spectrum of DSRS categories. • Review of DSRS management practices and challenges. • Analysis covers IAEA source categories, from 1 to 5. • Case studies show severe risks when DSRS enters scrap metal. • Advances in multilayer shielding containers. • Dismantling methods for high-activity Category 1-3 sources.