Comprehensive Insights into Psoriasis: Disease Types, Underlying Mechanisms, and Effective Treatments

Abstract

Psoriasis is a prevalent immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the skin and joints, impacting significant percentages of global populations. Psoriasis is inherited, and individuals' genetic backgrounds make some people more likely to get this illness. The prevalence of the disease is estimated to impact approximately 1–3% of the global population. However, psoriasis's prevalence exhibits variation among different populations owing to its genetic basis. Psoriasis is classified as a systemic illness due to the notable prevalence of comorbidities among affected individuals. These comorbidities include psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, and psychiatric disorders. Chronic plaque psoriasis, also referred to as psoriasis vulgaris (PV), is the prevailing form of psoriasis, constituting around 90% of the reported cases. Psoriasis was initially perceived as an illness primarily affecting epidermal keratinocytes, but it is now acknowledged as one of the most prevalent immune-mediated disorders. The pathophysiology of psoriasis is significantly influenced by tumor necrosis factor α, dendritic cells, and T cells. There are several treatment options available for psoriasis based on the disease severity.