article · Frontiers in Nutrition
Orange juice processing generates substantial peel waste, consisting of flavedo and albedo, which are rich in bioactive compounds. This study evaluated conventional, ultrasonic, high hydrostatic pressure, and pulsed electric field extraction methods to isolate flavonoids, especially polymethoxy flavones, and measure antioxidant activity. Across all samples, 57 metabolites were identified, with 15 shared between the flavedo and albedo tissues. For flavedo, pulsed electric field and high hydrostatic pressure techniques yielded superior antioxidant activity compared to other methods, with optimal conditions established at 15 kilojoules per kilogram at 3 kilovolts and 400 megapascals, respectively. In albedo, conventional ethyl acetate extraction provided the highest antioxidant effects, whilst optimal non-conventional parameters were 200 megapascals for high hydrostatic pressure and 15 kilojoules per kilogram at 10 kilovolts for pulsed electric fields. Overall, orange flavedo represents an effective source of soluble phenolic compounds.
Citrus juice production creates large amounts of discarded peel waste. By recovering valuable antioxidant flavonoids such as polymethoxy flavones through efficient processing techniques, food processors can reduce waste while generating useful bioactive ingredients. Demonstrating the performance of emerging methods like high hydrostatic pressure and pulsed electric fields provides a clear technical foundation for upgrading agricultural by-products into high-value functional materials.
The research presents applied and tested laboratory methods for extracting antioxidants and polymethoxy flavones from citrus processing waste. These findings could benefit juice manufacturers and industrial ingredient suppliers seeking to valorise peel by-products. The work identifies optimal processing conditions for emerging technologies such as pulsed electric fields and high hydrostatic pressure, but remains at an experimental stage needing scale-up and economic assessment before direct factory adoption.
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Introduction: fruits are one of the most frequently counterfeited processed products in the world. In the juice production alone, the peels, divided into flavedo and albedo, are the main waste product. The extracts of this by-product are enriched with many bioactive substances. Newer extraction techniques generally have milder extraction conditions with simultaneous improvement of the extraction process. Methods: . Furthermore, four different extraction approaches [conventional, ultrasonic, High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)] with various optimized processing conditions were compared in terms of antioxidant effects and flavonoid profile particularly polymethoxy flavones (PMFs). Results: A total number of 57 metabolites were identified, 15 of which were present in both flavedo and albedo, forming a good qualitative overlapping of distributed flavonoids. For flavedo samples, the antioxidant activity was higher for PEF and HHP treated samples compared to other extraction methods. However, ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antioxidant effects in albedo samples attributed to different qualitative composition content rather than various quantities of same metabolites. The optimum processing conditions for albedo extraction using HHP and PEF were 200 MPa and 15 kJ/kg at 10 kV, respectively. While, HHP at medium pressure (400 MPa) and PEF at 15 kJ/kg/3 kV were the optimum conditions for flavedo extraction. Conclusion: Chemometric analysis of the dataset indicated that orange flavedo can be a valid source of soluble phenolic compounds especially PMFs. In order to achieve cross-application of production, future study should concentrate on how citrus PMFs correlate with biological engineering techniques such as breeding, genetic engineering, and fermentation engineering.
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DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1158473
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