Comparative Effects of Rainwater and Borehole Water on Concrete Construction: A Case Study of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Abstract

Water quality is a critical factor influencing concrete performance, yet in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, construction water is often selected based on availability rather than suitability. This study compares rainwater and borehole water as mixing media for concrete, assessing their physicochemical properties, effects on compressive strength, and potential durability risks under controlled laboratory conditions. Rainwater was harvested from clean roof catchments during the rainy season, while borehole water was drawn from community sources after flushing pumps to ensure fresh aquifer water. Concrete cubes (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were prepared using a 1:2:4 mix ratio and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results indicate that rainwater, slightly acidic and low in dissolved minerals, enhanced early strength (7 days), whereas borehole water, mineral-rich and alkaline, achieved higher long-term strength (28 days). Both water sources fell within international permissible limits (ASTM C1602; BS EN 1008), yet their distinct chemical profiles suggest differing implications for durability, including corrosion and sulfate attack. Findings highlight the necessity of routine water testing and appropriate treatment before concrete use, with significant implications for contractors, engineers, and regulatory authorities seeking to optimize construction quality and infrastructure longevity in the Niger Delta.