article · Discover Applied Sciences
A numerical investigation evaluates entropy generation and thermodynamic irreversibility in the flow of a tetrahybrid nanofluid containing aluminium oxide, copper, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide in water. The model analyses fluid movement across a permeable surface set inside a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium while accounting for thermal radiation, chemical reactions, activation energy, internal heat sources, and multiple dissipation factors. Results show that thermal radiation and internal heat generation increase both temperatures and entropy generation. Conversely, magnetic forces and porous resistance inhibit fluid movement. Species concentration improves with activation energy but declines as mass diffusion slows under higher Schmidt numbers. Additionally, the Bejan number declines under elevated magnetic fields and porous resistance, yet rises alongside thermal radiation and inertial resistance. These mechanisms explain how combined thermal and physical parameters affect energy efficiency.
Minimising energy dissipation and controlling entropy generation are critical goals when designing high-performance heat transfer systems. By determining how magnetic fields, chemical reactions, and multi-particle nanofluids interact within porous environments, this research aids the design of more efficient cooling systems. Understanding these thermodynamic interactions helps engineers establish conditions that reduce energy loss in thermal and fluid-based machinery.
The findings apply to cooling technologies, energy systems, and thermal management applications seeking to curtail energy loss. Designers and engineers developing advanced heat exchangers or fluid-cooling setups could use these mathematical insights to tune operating parameters. Because this work relies on numerical simulations using the bvp4c technique, it represents early-stage conceptual research that requires physical prototyping and experimental testing before commercial deployment can take place.
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Abstract This study explores entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a tetra hybrid nanofluid. ( $${\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3} - {\text{Cu}} - {\text{SiO}}_{2} - {\text{TiO}}_{2} /{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}$$ ) over a permeable surface embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium, motivated by the need to enhance thermal system efficiency and minimise energy losses. The model incorporates key physical effects, including multiple dissipation mechanisms (Ohmic, viscous, Darcy, and Forchheimer), thermal radiation, internal heat generation, activation energy, and chemical reaction. The transformed nonlinear equations are solved numerically using the bvp4c technique. Results reveal that thermal radiation and heat source significantly elevate temperature and entropy generation, indicating increased irreversibility, while magnetic field and porous resistance strongly suppress fluid motion. Activation energy enhances species concentration, whereas a higher Schmidt number reduces mass diffusion. The Bejan number decreases under stronger magnetic and porous effects but increases with radiation and inertial resistance. The combined influence of these parameters provides deeper insight into controlling heat and mass transfer in advanced nanofluid systems. The findings are particularly relevant for applications in energy systems, cooling technologies, and thermal management, where minimising entropy generation is crucial for improving performance and efficiency.
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DOI: 10.1007/s42452-026-09350-1
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