Charged spherically symmetric black holes in scalar-tensor Gauss–Bonnet gravity

Abstract

Abstract We derive a novel class of four-dimensional black hole (BH) solutions in Gauss–Bonnet (GB) gravity coupled with a scalar field in presence of Maxwell electrodynamics. In order to derive such solutions, we assume the ansatz <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≠</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> for metric potentials. Due to the choice of the ansatz of the metric, the Reissner Nordström gauge potential cannot be recovered because of the presence of higher-order terms which are not allowed to be vanishing. Moreover, the scalar field is not allowed to vanish. If it vanishes, a function of the solution results undefined. Furthermore, it is possible to show that the electric field is of higher-order in the monopole expansion: this fact explicitly comes from the contribution of the scalar field. Therefore, we can conclude that the GB scalar field acts as non-linear electrodynamics creating monopoles, quadrupoles, etc in the metric potentials. We compute the invariants associated with the BHs and show that, when compared to Schwarzschild or Reissner–Nordström space-times, they have a soft singularity. Also, it is possible to demonstrate that these BHs give rise to three horizons in AdS space-time and two horizons in dS space-time. Finally, thermodynamic quantities can be derived and we show that the solution can be stable or unstable depending on a critical value of the temperature.