article · Journal of Engineering
Problematic soils pose significant challenges to civil engineering infrastructure globally. Cement-fly ash-gravel, or CFG, pile composite foundation systems provide a proven method for soft ground treatment. These systems have seen extensive use across diverse infrastructure projects, including buildings, highways, railways, and bridge transition sections. To meet stringent project requirements regarding differential and postconstruction settlement, designs have incorporated geosynthetic layers into load transfer platforms alongside rigid slabs, particularly in pile-supported embankments. Furthermore, the presence of an existing CFG pile composite foundation adjacent to new foundation pit excavations introduces intricate soil-structure interactions. These complex mechanisms involve the retaining wall, mat, piles, cushion, and the surrounding soil, highlighting the need to account for multi-component structural behaviours in ongoing geotechnical developments.
Weak ground threatens the structural integrity of critical infrastructure globally. CFG pile foundations provide reliable ground stabilisation, preventing excessive settlement in heavy transport corridors and large structures. Understanding how these foundations interact with neighbouring construction ensures existing assets remain safe during urban expansion and nearby excavations.
This technology is already applied and tested in practical civil engineering projects. It enables civil engineers and construction contractors to stabilise soft ground beneath buildings, railways, and roadways. Commercial implementation focuses on mitigating ground settlement, though managing complex structural interactions during adjacent excavations remains an operational consideration for developers and site engineers.
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Problematic soils exist almost everywhere on the globe. State-of-the-art solutions to make civil engineering infrastructures built on them are still highly sought. The CFG (cement-fly ash-gravel) pile composite foundation system has been widely used in buildings, highways, railways, and bridge transition sections owing to its proven engineering characteristics in soft ground treatment. This paper discusses about the development and achievements of its engineering applications, along with possible future research directions. The remarkable evolution took place in the past to address projects’ strict differential and postconstruction settlement control requirements including embedding the geosynthetic layer into the load transfer platform and combining it with rigid slabs, as seen implemented in few CFG pile-supported embankments. It was also observed that the interaction of the existing CFG pile composite foundation with an adjacent new foundation pit excavation inevitably presents a complex soil-structure interaction mechanism among the fundamental components—the retaining wall, mat, piles, cushion, and soil.
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DOI: 10.1155/2020/5343472
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