article · Applied Surface Science
Malathion is a widely used organophosphate pesticide in agriculture that presents safety and environmental concerns. To improve its detection, an electrochemical sensor was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with a sustainable metal-organic framework, Sm-BDC, alongside binary and ternary composites containing cadmium sulphide (CdS) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Characterisation confirmed the successful synthesis and interaction among the components. The ternary composite, CdS-Sm-BDC-g-C3N4-5wt%, delivered superior peak current compared to an unmodified electrode, showing strong electrocatalytic performance for oxidising malathion due to enhanced conductivity and synergy. Under optimised differential pulse voltammetry testing, the sensor showed high sensitivity, a low detection limit of 7.4 nanomolar, and a linear response range from 30 to 150 nanomolar. The resulting sensor demonstrated stability, reproducibility, and high selectivity.
Pesticide residues from agriculture pose serious ecological and health risks, making rapid and precise monitoring essential. Developing sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective sensors allows for better detection of hazardous compounds like malathion. This research demonstrates that combining metal-organic frameworks with other nanomaterials substantially enhances sensor sensitivity, supporting more effective tracking of harmful chemicals.
The technology is aimed at detecting the organophosphate pesticide malathion and could be useful for environmental monitoring agencies and agricultural testing bodies. The abstract describes laboratory-scale electrode modification and testing under optimised conditions, placing this work at an early stage of research. Further development and real-sample validation would be required before field-ready or commercial sensing devices can be realised.
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Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture, whose elimination is highly demanded by society. This work faces this challenge by the development of a novel electrochemical sensor via modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with sustainable Sm-BDC MOFs and their corresponding novel binary and ternary composites combined with CdS and g-C3N4 for the detection of malathion. Different characterization techniques indicate the successful synthesis of desired composite materials, with notable interaction between the individual components. CdS-Sm-BDC-g-C3N4-5wt% modified electrode exhibited higher peak current than the bare GCE, with excellent electrocatalytic ability to oxidize malathion, due to higher conductivity, catalytic effect and synergistic effects between CdS, g-C3N4 and Sm-BDC. Under optimized condition, differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) demonstrate that the oxidation peak current was proportional to its concentration in the range of 3.0·10-8 - 15.0·10-8 M (R2 = 0.996), with high sensitivity (25 μAμM-1) and low detection limit (7.4·10-9 M or 7.4 μmM). In addition, the modified electrode affirms good stability and reproducibility, making it simple, cost effective with high sensitivity and selectivity. The results confirmed that making a composite is a key strategy for improving the physicochemical properties of MOFs and modifying electrode surfaces with novel composites enhanced the detection of organophosphate pesticide.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158973
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