Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Among Men Attending a Tertiary Health Centre in Enugu State, Nigeria: A Case–Control Study

Abstract

<ns3:p>Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age-related urological condition associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and increasing healthcare burden. The study aims to determine association between selected cardiometabolic factors and benign prostatic hyperplasia among men attending a tertiary health centre in Enugu State, Nigeria. Methods A hospital-based unmatched case–control study was conducted among adult men attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria (July–September 2025). Men with symptomatic BPH (IPSS ≥8) were compared with controls without significant urinary symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent determinants of BPH at p &lt; 0.05. Results Three hundred participants were enrolled (150 cases and 150 controls). BPH cases were older than controls (65 ± 8 vs. 60 ± 7 years). Elderly age independently increased the odds of BPH nearly fivefold (AOR = 4.94; 95% CI: 2.31–10.55; p &lt; 0.001). Diabetes mellitus showed a strong independent association with BPH, conferring approximately twentyfold higher odds of disease (AOR = 19.51; 95% CI: 2.24–170.12; p = 0.007). Near-optimal LDL cholesterol was also independently associated with BPH (AOR = 4.42; 95% CI: 1.82–10.78; p = 0.001). In contrast, obesity, hypertension, educational level, residential location, and income were not independently associated with BPH after multivariate adjustment. Conclusion Cardiometabolic influences on benign prostatic hyperplasia in this population appear to be primarily related to aging and metabolic dysfunction linked to diabetes. These findings highlight the importance of integrating metabolic assessment, particularly diabetes screening and glycaemic control, into routine BPH evaluation and management.</ns3:p>