article · ACS Omega
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were biosynthesised using an aqueous leaf extract of the plant Ocimum lamifolium. A response surface methodology was applied to optimise synthesis parameters, establishing ideal conditions at approximately 0.06 M zinc acetate precursor concentration, 30 °C, and 1.35 hours. Following physical and chemical characterisation, the resulting nanoparticles were assessed for sensing and antibacterial capabilities. When tested as an electrochemical sensor, the nanoparticles demonstrated electrocatalytic performance for detecting the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, achieving a limit of detection of 0.3528 micromolar. In biological assays, the material exhibited antibacterial activity against drug-resistant pathogenic strains, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes, at concentrations between 50 and 100 micrograms per millilitre. These results indicate functional utility in both pollutant sensing and antimicrobial interventions.
Plant-based synthesis offers an alternative green approach for creating functional nanomaterials without harsh chemical processes. Demonstrating that nanoparticles produced with Ocimum lamifolium can both detect pharmaceutical pollutants such as sulfamethoxazole and inhibit drug-resistant bacteria addresses critical challenges in environmental monitoring and healthcare, particularly regarding rising antimicrobial resistance and water contamination.
This early-stage laboratory research could enable the development of electrochemical sensors for environmental pollutant monitoring and new antimicrobial formulations against drug-resistant bacteria. Potential users include environmental testing laboratories, water treatment operators, and biomedical developers. Because testing has only been conducted at the laboratory scale for chemical sensing and in vitro bacterial inhibition, substantial further development and validation are required before real-world use.
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In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using an aqueous extract of the Ocimum lamifolium ( O. lamifolium ) plant. The I-optimal coordinate exchange randomized response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effect of the zinc acetate precursor, temperature, and time on ZnO NPs by designing nine runs. From ANOVA analysis, the significance and validity of the designed model showed that the optimal values of the zinc acetate precursor, temperature, and time during ZnO NPs synthesis were found to be ∼0.06 M, ∼30 °C, and ∼1.35 h, respectively. The obtained ZnO NPs under these optimized conditions were characterized and explored by UV–vis, TGA/DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic performance of ZnO NPs was performed for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) sensing activity with a 0.3528 μM (S/N = 3) limit of detection (LOD). In addition, an antibacterial study revealed that ZnO NPs confirmed an excellent zone of inhibition against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. pyogen pathogenic drug resistance bacterial strains at concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL. Thus, ZnO NPs synthesized using the O. lamifolium leaf have a potential electrocatalytic activity for diverse organic pollutant detection as well as a desirable material for such drug resistance antimicrobial strains.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02709
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