Biophysical and Biomechanical Analysis of Valgus Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly Ghanaian Women

Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability among older adults, with valgus knee deformity (genu valgum) recognized as a key contributor to lateral compartment degeneration. This study investigates the biophysical and biomechanical characteristics of lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis associated with valgus deformity in elderly Ghanaian women. Ninety female participants aged 40–81 years were evaluated using weight-bearing radiographic imaging to assess tibiofemoral angle, mechanical axis deviation, and joint alignment. Occupational history, body mass index, and anthropometric parameters were also recorded. Radiographic measurements were performed using the hip–knee–ankle alignment method, while joint loading forces were estimated using resultant force theory. Valgus deformity severity was quantified relative to normal alignment. Severe deformity was observed in 41% of participants, with 59% presenting mild deformity, with a mean mechanical axis deviation of 18.05 ± 0.95°. Lateral compartment involvement was present bilaterally, with a slightly higher prevalence in the right knee. Occupations involving repetitive loading and prolonged physical stress were associated with increased deformity severity, whereas age and body weight showed no strong association. These findings provide biomechanical evidence from a low- and middle-income country setting and highlight the role of occupational joint loading in the progression of knee osteoarthritis. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis; Valgus deformity; Biomechanics; Radiographic alignment; Occupational loading