review · European journal of medical research
Nanobiocatalysts combine enzymes with nanostructured materials to overcome conventional challenges such as low stability, limited reusability, and high production expenses. Common immobilization methods include adsorption, covalent bonding, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linking. Using nanomaterials like magnetic nanoparticles, porous silica, carbon nanostructures, and metal-organic frameworks enhances enzymatic performance in physiological conditions. Surface functionalisation further refines interactions between carriers and enzymes while ensuring clinical biocompatibility. These systems show significant promise across medical fields, notably in targeted drug delivery, sensitive biosensing, clot-dissolving thrombolytic therapies, and the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress. Nanozymes, which are engineered nanomaterials that mimic natural enzymes, also offer utility in diagnostics and disease management. However, moving these technologies toward practical healthcare use requires resolving critical hurdles around toxicity, scalable manufacturing, and meeting regulatory requirements.
Enzymes are vital for biological processes but are often too fragile or expensive to use effectively in medicine. By anchoring them to engineered nanomaterials, their stability and performance can be substantially improved. This approach supports the creation of better medical diagnostics, improved therapies for conditions such as blood clots and inflammation, and more reliable drug delivery systems.
The research highlights opportunities for developers of diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems to employ nanobiocatalysts and nanozymes. Potential applications span clot-dissolving treatments, biosensors, and anti-inflammatory therapies. The technology appears to be at an early, laboratory-based stage, with commercial translation requiring industry partners to resolve significant barriers regarding large-scale manufacturing, toxicity risks, and compliance with regulatory standards.
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Nanobiocatalysts have emerged as transformative tools in biomedical science, enabling precise, efficient, and sustainable enzyme-based technologies. By immobilizing enzymes onto nanostructured materials, these systems overcome major limitations, such as poor enzyme stability, limited reusability, and high production costs. There are many immobilization techniques such as adsorption, covalent bonding, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross linking with a focus on their biomedical relevance. The incorporation of nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles, porous silica, carbon nanostructures, and metal-organic frameworks has significantly enhanced enzyme performance under physiological conditions. A particular emphasis is placed on biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery, high-sensitivity biosensing, thrombolytic therapy for clot dissolution, and management of oxidative stress and inflammation. The emerging role of nanozymes engineered nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like activity is also discussed for their potential in diagnostics and disease modulation. Surface functionalization strategies are addressed to improve enzyme-carrier interactions and ensure biocompatibility in clinical environments. Despite promising outcomes, key challenges remain regarding large-scale production, potential nanotoxicity, and regulatory compliance. Addressing these limitations is essential for translating laboratory findings into practical biomedical solutions. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on how nanobiocatalyst-based platforms are reshaping therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in modern healthcare.
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DOI: 10.1186/s40001-025-02782-2
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