article · Journal of Taibah University for Science
Silver nanoparticles can be produced through biogenic green synthesis using extract from Cola nitida pods, where plant proteins serve as capping and stabilising agents. The resulting spherical nanoparticles range from 12 to 80 nanometres in size and possess a crystalline, face-centred cubic structure. Laboratory assessments demonstrate that these nanoparticles display substantial antioxidant activity, alongside potent antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, including Klebsiella granulomatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, at concentrations between 50 and 150 micrograms per millilitre. Furthermore, when introduced into paint at a low concentration of 5 micrograms per millilitre, the nanoparticles completely halt the growth of several common bacterial pathogens as well as fungal species including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. These dual antimicrobial and antioxidant properties point to potential uses across industrial and biomedical settings.
Using plant waste such as Cola nitida pods offers a greener, biogenic method to produce nanomaterials without hazardous chemicals. Because these nanoparticles combat drug-resistant bacteria, neutralise oxidative stress, and eliminate microbial growth in coating materials, the findings highlight sustainable routes for developing protective surface coatings and health-related interventions against resistant pathogens.
This research is at an applied laboratory stage with direct relevance to paint manufacturers and industrial coating formulators seeking antimicrobial additives. The demonstration that a paint admixture completely prevents bacterial and fungal growth shows clear utility for commercial surface finishes. Further testing under industrial manufacturing conditions and scale-up of the plant extraction process would be necessary to progress toward real-world commercial deployment.
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This work reports the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the pod extract of Cola nitida, the evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and their application as an antimicrobial additive in paint. The AgNPs were characterized with UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgNP solution was dark brown with a maximum absorbance occurring at 431.5 nm. The FTIR spectrum showed strong peaks at 3336.85, 2073.48, and 1639.49 cm−1, indicating that proteins acted as the capping and stabilization agents in the synthesis of the AgNPs. The AgNPs were spherical, with sizes ranging from 12 to 80 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that silver was the prominent metal present, while the selected area electron diffraction pattern conformed to the face-centred cubic phase and crystalline nature of AgNPs. At various concentrations between 50 and 150 μg/ml, the AgNPs showed strong inhibition of the growth of multidrug resistant strains of Klebsiella granulomatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In addition, at 5 μg/ml, the AgNPs completely inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus in a paint-AgNP admixture. The AgNPs exhibited a potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 43.98 μg/ml against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and a ferric ion reduction of 13.62–49.96% at concentrations of 20–100 μg/ml. This study has demonstrated the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs that have potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and potential biomedical and industrial applications. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use the pod extract of C. nitida for the green synthesis of nanoparticles.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.10.010
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