Biofilm‐Forming Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria in Water From Distribution Systems: Occurrence and Public Health Implications

Abstract

Biofilm is a structurally-connected microbial community, covered by a self-produced polymeric matrix and adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of biofilm-producing antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water from distribution systems. Water samples were taken from 32 tanks across Ondo City and Akure metropolis, Nigeria. Information regarding the sanitation status of the tanks was gathered by observation and oral interviews. The physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. Using the pour plate technique. Agars included serially diluted water samples were inoculated onto plate count agar, mannitol salt agar, <i>Salmonella-Shigella</i> agar, MacConkey agar, and cetrimide nutrient agar to assess total viable bacteria, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i>, coliforms, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, respectively. Eosin-methylene blue agar was used to cultivate <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Enterobacter aerogenes.</i> Pure isolates were characterised using API kits and assessed for antibiotic resistance and biofilm production employing the Kirby-Bauer and tissue culture plate techniques, respectively. The ages of the water tanks ranged from 1 to 25 years old; all tanks had cover-lids; 13 (40.63%) had water guards while 12 (37.5%) underwent water treatment. The physicochemical properties chiefly fell within WHO standards for drinking water. One hundred and eighty-seven isolates were obtained. <i>S. aureus</i> (15.51%) had the highest frequency while <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (3.2%) had the lowest frequency. Thirty-six percent of the isolates were strong biofilm producers, while 20.67% Gram-negative and 18.69% Gram-positive bacterial isolates were antibiotic-resistant. This study revealed a high occurrence of biofilm-forming bacteria and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water distribution systems, emphasizing the urgency of improving water quality for public health protection.