Biochemical Investigations, Antimicrobial Activity, and Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Aqueous Extract of Alchornea laxiflora Leaf

Abstract

Introduction: Medicinal plants represent valuable sources for novel therapeutic compounds, with Alchornea laxiflora being traditionally used in West African medicine. This study aimed to characterize the biochemical composition, antioxidant activity, toxicological safety, antimicrobial efficacy, and green synthesis potential of A. laxiflora aqueous extract. Methods: Fresh A. laxiflora leaves were collected from Akure, Nigeria and subjected to aqueous extraction following standard protocols. Phytoconstituents were identified through qualitative screening. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH scavenging and FRAP assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against bacterial and fungal pathogens using agar well diffusion. Metallic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Acute toxicity was studied in Wistar rats (200 and 400 mg/kg doses) with monitoring of liver enzymes. Results: The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Significant antioxidant activity was observed in DPPH and FRAP assays (p<0.05). No adverse effects were noted in toxicity studies (p>0.05). The extract showed antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens. Synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial properties. Conclusion: This study validates the traditional use of A. laxiflora and supports its potential for pharmaceutical development in antimicrobial and nanomedicine applications.