Biochemical Assessment of Hepatic Function Following Co-administration of Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser in Male Wistar Rats: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Background: The liver is highly vulnerable to herbal-induced toxicity due to its central role in metabolizing xenobiotics. In Nigeria, Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser are widely consumed herbal mixtures, often used concurrently for purported health benefits. However, their combined hepatotoxic potential remains underexplored. Objective: This preliminary study evaluated the effects of co-administered Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser on hepatic enzyme biomarkers – alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were assigned to ten groups and orally treated with graded doses of the herbal drinks, either individually or in combination, for 42 days. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were measured using standard enzymatic protocols. Relative liver weights were also determined. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: Significant increases in serum ALT and ALP were observed in several experimental groups compared to the control, indicating hepatocellular and biliary dysfunction. AST levels exhibited a biphasic pattern, with both elevations and reductions across different groups. Changes in relative liver weights were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Subchronic co-administration of Odogwu Bitters and Goko Cleanser may impair hepatic function, as evidenced by altered liver enzyme profiles. These findings raise safety concerns regarding their unregulated combined use and underscore the need for further toxicological investigations.