article · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
Abstract Carob ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) and Sider ( Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) are evergreen trees whose plant parts are rich in bioactive polyphenol compounds with potential for application in functional food production. Extracts from leaves and branches of C. siliqua and Z. spina-christi were applied to Pinus sylvestris wood blocks and subjected to fungal infestation with Alternaria alternata (PQ326444), Fusarium oxysporum (OR116513), and Rhizoctonia solani (OR116533). The methanol extracts from each part were analyzed for their chemical compounds using the HPLC apparatus. In the methanol extract of C. siliqua leaves, the most abundant compounds were catechin, syringic acid, gallic acid, and coumaric acid, with values of 153820.84, 33583.13, 11404.34, and 6714.78 µg/g extract, respectively. The abundant compounds in the methanol extract from C. siliqua branches were gallic acid, syringic acid, and methyl gallate with concentrations of 8461.39, 7779.52, and 2424.98 µg/g extract, respectively. The main phytochemical compounds identified in the methanol extract from Z. spina-christi leaves were ellagic acid (3173.65 µg/g extract), gallic acid (2479.39 µg/g extract), rutin (2076.35 µg/g extract), and catechin (1873.36 µg/g extract) and from branches were gallic acid (5999.97 µg/g extract), catechin (1507.08 µg/g extract), and chlorogenic acid (460.64 µg/g extract). The methanol extracts of the leaves and branches from C. siliqua at 4% showed the highest activity against the growth of A. alternata with inhibition percentage values of 72.22 and 71.48%, respectively, with the extract from leaves observed the highest fungal inhibition (77.77%) against F. oxysporum . The methanol extracts from Z. spina-christi branches and leaves showed the highest fungal inhibition percentages against Rhizoctonia solani with values of 59.26 and 42.22%, respectively. The study’s findings suggest that methanolic extracts may be used to treat fungal infestations because they possess interesting antifungal characteristics. Graphical Abstract
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DOI: 10.1007/s13399-025-06651-0
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