Azolla pinnata as a Sustainable Protein Source: Impact on Reproductive and Biochemical Status of Female Clarias gariepinus Broodstock

Abstract

The search for novel, plant-based feed ingredients as alternative protein sources to soybean meal is a priority in the aquafeed industry. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of substituting soybean meal with Azolla pinnata powder on the growth and reproductive performance of farmed female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstock. We formulated pelleted diets by replacing soybean meal with A. pinnata at levels of 0 (control), 15%, 30%, and 60%. Fish were fed these diets twice daily (8:00 AM and 6:00 PM) at a rate of 5% of their body weight for 90 days. After the feeding trial, we assessed parameters, including growth performance, reproductive traits, and biochemical status of the female C. gariepinus broodstock. Initial analysis of growth characteristics revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) across all dietary treatments. However, significant differences were observed in other parameters: Reproductive Performance: The highest reproductive indices for C. gariepinus were recorded in the group fed the 30% A. pinnata diet (p A. pinnata diet compared to the control. Biochemical Status: Broodstock fed the 60% A. pinnata diet exhibited the highest and most significant (p 0.05) was found in AST or TP levels among the groups. These findings collectively suggest that 30% inclusion of A. pinnata powder is an adequate and optimal supplement for the fish feed, promoting better growth, reproductive performance, and overall broodstock development in C. gariepinus.