review · Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Avian orthoavulavirus 1, historically termed avian paramyxovirus type 1, is a globally distributed pathogen capable of infecting more than 250 avian species. The virus triggers a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, resulting in heavy mortality, severe morbidity, and damaging trade restrictions. In Egypt, Newcastle disease has persisted since 1947 and remains a substantial danger to both commercial poultry enterprises and backyard flocks, occurring despite intensive vaccination programmes. Frequent genomic alterations have allowed distinct virulent genotypes to emerge over time. This evolutionary dynamic is accelerated in Egypt by the close mixing of domestic flocks, free-living species, and mobile migratory birds. Pigeons and waterfowl are particularly critical to transmission patterns, as pigeons harbour diverse viral genotypes while waterfowl frequently spread the pathogen without showing clinical symptoms. Understanding these genetic variations, transmission routes, and vaccination hurdles is crucial for improving flock protection strategies.
Newcastle disease presents a relentless threat to food security and poultry livelihoods due to high bird mortality and severe trade restrictions. Understanding how the virus evolves and spreads across wild, migratory, and domesticated birds helps poultry producers, veterinarians, and animal health authorities recognise why existing vaccination programmes fail and identify the specific avian reservoirs that sustain regional outbreaks.
The work highlights ongoing vaccine failures and the circulation of diverse viral genotypes, suggesting an urgent need for updated poultry vaccines and diagnostic tools tailored to regional strains. Primary users would include veterinary vaccine manufacturers, commercial poultry producers, and animal health regulators. However, because the text is a review of epidemiology and vaccine challenges rather than a report of a newly developed product, any commercial solution remains at an early stage of development.
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<i>Avian orthoavulavirus</i> 1, formerly known as avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), infects more than 250 different species of birds. It causes a broad range of clinical diseases and results in devastating economic impact due to high morbidity and mortality in addition to trade restrictions. The ease of spread has allowed the virus to disseminate worldwide with subjective virulence, which depends on the virus strain and host species. The emergence of new virulent genotypes among global epizootics, including those from Egypt, illustrates the time-to-time genomic alterations that lead to simultaneous evolution of distinct APMV-1 genotypes at different geographic locations across the world. In Egypt, the Newcastle disease was firstly reported in 1947 and continued to occur, despite rigorous prophylactic vaccination, and remained a potential threat to commercial and backyard poultry production. Since 2005, many researchers have investigated the nature of APMV-1 in different outbreaks, as they found several APMV-1 genotypes circulating among various species. The unique intermingling of migratory, free-living, and domesticated birds besides the availability of frequently mobile wild birds in Egypt may facilitate the evolution power of APMV-1 in Egypt. Pigeons and waterfowls are of interest due to their inclusion in Egyptian poultry industry and their ability to spread the infection to other birds either by presence of different genotypes (as in pigeons) or by harboring a clinically silent disease (as in waterfowl). This review details (i) the genetic and pathobiologic features of APMV-1 infections in Egypt, (ii) the epidemiologic and evolutionary events in different avian species, and (iii) the vaccine applications and challenges in Egypt.
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DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647462
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