Availability and affordability of essential medicines for non-communicable disease management in primary healthcare: Evidence from three municipalities in Ghana

Abstract

This study highlights inequities in access to NCD medicines in Ghana, with stark gaps in availability and affordability, especially in underserved areas. Findings reveal high costs, stock-outs, and geographic disparities as key factors, underscoring the need for supply chain reforms, price regulation, and municipal oversight to advance equitable, sustainable, universal health coverage.