Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Phytochemicals, Biological Activities, and Soap-Making Process Using the Pulp and Seed Oils of Avocados (Persea americana)

Abstract

Using green chemistry concepts to promote sustainability and local economic development, this study investigates the potential of avocado (Persea Americana) pulp and seed oils for the creation of environmentally friendly herbal antimicrobial soaps. Oils were extracted via Soxhlet apparatus, yielding 23.4% (seed) and 16.2% (pulp), and characterized for physicochemical properties. The soaps demonstrated pH values between 10.31 and 10.8, foam heights of 2.3–3.2 cm, and total fatty matter ranging from 68.4% to 89.1%, exceeding commercial standards (65.0%). Phytochemical screening revealed that tannins, saponins, and alkaloids contribute to antimicrobial efficacy. The AVSP soap (a blend of pulp and seed oils) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, including a 21 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and inhibition of multiple microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Phijoptius stoloniter across all tested concentrations. These findings distinguish AVSP soap as a superior sustainable alternative, addressing environmental challenges posed by synthetic cosmetics and promoting agro-waste conversion into valuable commercial products. This research provides a practical approach for integrating natural resources into sustainable cosmetic formulations with potential global hygiene and environmental conservation applications.