Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Underground Water (Well Water) in Ijora - Badia Area of Lagos- State, Southwestern-Nigeria

Abstract

This study presents reports on the Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Undergroundwater (wellwater) in Ijora - Badia Area of Lagos- State, Southwestern- Nigeria. Ten wellwater samples were randomly collected from ten locations, four times per month, between August 2024 and January 2025. Samples were obtained with pre-washed, labelled plastic bottles, digested, and analyzed using standard procedures to measure physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity, alkalinity, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results of Physicochemical parameters shows: pH (5.44 -7.05), temperature (29.3 - 29.8°C), EC (1417.5 - 2312.5 μS/cm), acidity (35.0 - 202.7 mg CaCO3/L), alkalinity (103.5 - 384.7 mg CaCO3/L), turbidity (7.8 - 337.5 NTU), TSS (30.5 -51.5 mg/L), and TDS (0.799 - 2.4123 mg/L). Principal Component Analysis identified three factors -PC1, PC2, and PC3 - which accounted for 70.25% of the total variance indicating predominantly anthropogenic sources from industrial, municipal, and domestic waste, dissolved and suspended solids, industrial effluents, and surface runoff, contributing to salinity and mineral-related pollution, thermal pollution, mineral dissolution, chemical weathering and natural geochemical processes. Correlation analyses (p > 0.5) further supports the high pollution levels. Physicochemical parameters varied significantly, except temperature.The physicochemical parameters values exceeded Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits, indicating that groundwater in the area is significantly polluted and unsuitable for domestic use.