Assessment of Pelargonium graveolens flower essential oil: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and in vivo topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy as treatment for atopic dermatitis

Abstract

<ns3:p>Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritus and skin barrier dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of <ns3:italic>Pelargonium graveolens</ns3:italic> (Geraniaceae) in managing AD symptoms through its essential oil. Methods The chemical composition of <ns3:italic>Pelargonium graveolens</ns3:italic> flower essential oil (PFEO) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties were assessed, along with the inhibitory effects of PFEO on key enzymes involved in skin repair: tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase. An in vivo evaluation of a gel formulation containing PFEO was also conducted to assess its anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy. Results GC-MS analysis identified major compounds in PFEO, including Geraniol (22.83%), beta-citronellol (19.51%), naphthalenemethanol (15.36%), and Geranyl tiglate (9.38%), with minor constituents such as linalool (3.81%) and neryl formate (1.31%). PFEO exhibited bacteriostatic activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, including <ns3:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</ns3:italic>, <ns3:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</ns3:italic>, Methicillin-Resistant <ns3:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</ns3:italic> (MRSA), <ns3:italic>Bacillus anthracis</ns3:italic>, <ns3:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</ns3:italic>, <ns3:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</ns3:italic>, <ns3:italic>Candida albicans</ns3:italic>, and <ns3:italic>Malassezia spp.</ns3:italic> The essential oil also demonstrated significant antioxidant properties and inhibited key enzymes linked to skin alterations in AD. Conclusions PFEO shows promising therapeutic potential for managing symptoms of atopic dermatitis due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its analgesic effects. The findings support further exploration of PFEO as a natural alternative in the treatment of AD.</ns3:p>