Assessment of particulate matter exposure levels and associated respiratory symptoms among oil seed processing factories workers

Abstract

Abstract Studies have shown that levels of fungal contamination and mycotoxin concentrations in oil-producing seeds vary across regions. In addition, extreme exposure to seeds dust particulate matter can lead to respiratory health problems. In Ethiopia oil-seeds processing factories workers exposure to particulate matter and magnitude of its respiratory symptoms have not been widely explored. To determine particulate matter concentration exposure levels and identify factors associated with respiratory symptoms among oil-seed processing factories workers. Using cross-sectional study design, 14 factories and 716 participants were selected through simple random sampling. Qualitative data were collected through checklist-based observation, in-depth interviews & FGDs and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Direct particulate matter concentrations were measured using PATS + , Dylos DC1900, and Laser PM2.5 Meter-5800D/5800E devices. Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization, and analysis was conducted using STATA version 16.1. Binary logistic regression &multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify associated factors, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Among 716 participants, 49.9% were female. The mean PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations in oil-seeds processing factories were 19.72 ± 11.8 µg/m 3 and 55.24 ± 14.5 µg/m 3 , respectively. Respiratory symptoms and bronchitis were reported by 25.28% of workers. Wheezing (23.2%), phlegm (22.5%), dyspnea (22.3%), and occupational asthma (12.57%) were the most common symptoms. Significant predictors included particulate matter exposure [AOR = 18.6, 95% CI: (9.12, 37.43)], not PPE use [AOR = 18.3, 95% CI: (2.39, 39.39)], use of wood as an energy source [AOR = 15.47, 95% CI: (4.25,36.4)], and inadequate ventilation [AOR = 14.29,95% CI:(3.01–26.70)]. Workplace exposure to oil seeds PM 2.5 and PM 10 among oil-seeds processing factories workers exceeded WHO guideline limits. Respiratory and asthma symptoms were highly prevalent, with greater risk among workers exposed above WHO standards. Oil seeds particulate matter exposure, not personal protective Equipment use, energy source, insufficient ventilation, and training were significant factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Necessary measures are needed to limit particulate matter exposure, including effective occupational health and safety programs that emphasize source-level dust control, routine supervision, engineering controls (e.g., adequate ventilation), administrative actions (such as training and risk assessment), and appropriate personal protective equipment use. Future study of personal measurement with case control is desirable.