Assessment of irrigation groundwater quality in Souk El Arbaa, Morocco

Abstract

Groundwater is the primary water source for agricultural development in Souk El Arbaa. It supports various uses, especially irrigation in the Gharb region of Morocco. This study evaluates the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in the Souk El Arbaa region, Morocco, using key water quality indices, including salinity (EC), sodium (Na %, SAR, PI, KR, RSC, RSBC), magnesium, and chloride hazards. Results revealed significant variability in groundwater quality. High salinity levels rendered 50% of the samples unsuitable for irrigation, posing risks of soil salinization and reduced crop productivity. Sodium-related indices showed that while most samples posed minimal risk, some indicated potential threats to soil structure and permeability. Magnesium hazard exceeded safe limits in three samples, and chloride concentrations in seven samples surpassed 350 mg/l, raising concerns about plant toxicity and soil degradation. Wilcox and USSLS diagrams confirmed the unsuitability of certain samples without mitigation measures. These findings highlight the need for integrated water and soil management strategies, such as gypsum application, organic matter addition, and improved irrigation techniques, to minimize risks. Regular groundwater quality monitoring is crucial to sustain agricultural productivity in the region. Future studies should examine the long-term impacts of irrigation practices and evaluate mitigation strategies. Future studies should consider integrating seasonal variability and socioeconomic factors influencing water use in agriculture.