Assessment of groundwater quality and suitability for domestic and irrigation use in selected parts of Oyo Town, southwestern Nigeria

Abstract

This study attempts to evaluate if the groundwater quality in some parts of Oyo Town, Nigeria is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes through an integrated analyses of physical parameters, cations, and anions. Groundwater samples from twenty locations were collected and analyzed for indicators such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and major ion concentrations. Laboratory analyses followed standard procedures by the American Public Health Association (APHA), using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for cations and conventional titration for anions. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated to provide a comprehensive assessment. The results show that the groundwater largely meets the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking and irrigation. pH values ranged from slightly acidic to nearly alkaline, while EC values indicated low to moderate salinity levels. Most samples exhibited low Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), suggesting minimal sodium hazards for soil and crops.The groundwater in Oyo Town is suitable for drinking and irrigation, although variations in water quality highlight the influence of both geogenic and anthropogenic factors. This study highlights the general suitability of groundwater in Oyo Town for drinking and irrigation, with variations in quality underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring and sustainable management.