Assessment of Density and Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions of Tamarindus indica L. in Parkland Agroforestry Systems of Gumel Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Parkland agroforestry systems in the Sahel are critical for livelihoods and ecosystem services, yet they face escalating degradation. The specific status of key indigenous species like Tamarindus indica L., vital for soil fertility and farmer resilience, remains inadequately documented in many areas, including the Gumel region of Jigawa State, Nigeria. This study assessed the density of T. Indica and smallholder farmers’ perceptions of its status and ecological roles within these threatened systems. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining field inventories across four purposively selected wards (Baikarya, Dantanoma, Garin Barka, and Gusau) with semi- structured interviews (n=60) and focus group discussions (n=4). Quantitative data on tree density were analysed using ANOVA, while qualitative data from interviews and FGDs were processed through thematic and sentiment analysis. Results revealed a critically low mean density of T. Indica (0.001125/m²) with no significant differences between locations. Farmers unanimously perceived a decline in the species, primarily attributing it to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and low levels of active regeneration, due to socio-economic pressures and knowledge gaps. The study concludes that despite recognizing its value, a disconnect between farmer awareness and conservation action threatens the species’ persistence. The study recommends integrated conservation strategies that combine targeted scientific research, farmer education, and policy reforms grounded in local knowledge to ensure the sustainable management and utilization of T. Indica.